I've made some progress in figuring out what the issue is. The card is up, the connection to the switch is recognized, but I believe that the Intel NIC does not like the DAC that I've used. As such, I continuously see the following messages in dmesg:
[ 1796.988152] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: detected SFP+: 3
[ 1797.112179] vmbr1: port 1(enp6s0) entered disabled state
[ 1797.127164] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: NIC Link is Up 10 Gbps, Flow Control: RX/TX
[ 1797.127191] vmbr1: port 1(enp6s0) entered blocking state
[ 1797.127194] vmbr1: port 1(enp6s0) entered forwarding state
[ 1797.540948] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: Received ECC Err, initiating reset
[ 1797.540957] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: Reset adapter
EDIT: After digging into more of this situation, this is not an OPNsense issue, and is a Proxmox issue with the Intel X520-10G 82599EN (and ES) SFP+ cards. Proxmox does not like the card and the Internet appears to be unsure whether this is an issue with NIC / DAC compatibility or if Proxmox itself does not have proper drivers for it. As such, no further effort is needed in attempting to resolve the issue in OPNsense forums.
[ 1796.988152] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: detected SFP+: 3
[ 1797.112179] vmbr1: port 1(enp6s0) entered disabled state
[ 1797.127164] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: NIC Link is Up 10 Gbps, Flow Control: RX/TX
[ 1797.127191] vmbr1: port 1(enp6s0) entered blocking state
[ 1797.127194] vmbr1: port 1(enp6s0) entered forwarding state
[ 1797.540948] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: Received ECC Err, initiating reset
[ 1797.540957] ixgbe 0000:06:00.0 enp6s0: Reset adapter
EDIT: After digging into more of this situation, this is not an OPNsense issue, and is a Proxmox issue with the Intel X520-10G 82599EN (and ES) SFP+ cards. Proxmox does not like the card and the Internet appears to be unsure whether this is an issue with NIC / DAC compatibility or if Proxmox itself does not have proper drivers for it. As such, no further effort is needed in attempting to resolve the issue in OPNsense forums.