Frequent crashes

[tdeg20]

Hi, hopefully will put all of the required information in this but if anything missing please let me know...

I have an Ali Express N100 mini fanless PC with 4x 2.5GB intel NIC and 16GB RAM running OPNsense 24.1.9_4-amd64. I initially installed fresh and imported previous config which worked well enough for a while but didn't work out so configured from scratch with a clean install.

My WAN is (UK) 1Gbps symmetrical FTTP via PPPoE with a tagged VLAN for the WAN port. I have a few other VLANs on the LAN port. There are 2 other unused physical ports. The box handles usual network functions of DHCP, firewall etc but my DNS is outsourced to 2 Piholes (one physical one Docker).

My issue is that I am getting a crash report almost daily - I believe it seems to be happening around the same time (around 01:00) every day, and I can't work out why. I have reviewed the log below, I'm not sure if the Google Drive backup alone is causing the issue but I have just disabled that option but I'm not sure where else to look.

I have had a read around some of the other threads on here with crashes and wonder if there might be some hardware options in the BIOS that should be turned off; strangely the device doesn't output any video via either HDMI or DP with the SSD installed so I can't change options in the BIOS with a simple reboot! It may be worth the effort to turn off any unnecessary devices which can cause problems so I will consider this if anything of relevance.

Any ideas gratefully received, thank you in advance  :)

Code Select Expand

User-Agent Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:127.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/127.0
FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE-p11 stable/24.1-n255023-99a14409566 SMP amd64
OPNsense 24.1.9_4 908aac04e
Plugins os-acme-client-4.3 os-ddclient-1.21_2 os-iperf-1.0_1 os-nut-1.8.1_2 os-theme-cicada-1.35
Time Mon, 24 Jun 2024 19:00:05 +0100
OpenSSL 3.0.14
Python 3.11.9
PHP 8.2.20

PHP Errors:

[23-Jun-2024 01:45:52 Europe/London] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Exception: Invalid P12 key, openssl_pkcs12_read() failed in /usr/local/opnsense/mvc/app/library/Google/API/Drive.php:67
Stack trace:
#0 /usr/local/opnsense/mvc/app/library/OPNsense/Backup/GDrive.php(194): Google\API\Drive->login('xxxxx@gm...', '')
#1 /usr/local/opnsense/scripts/system/remote_backup.php(17): OPNsense\Backup\Gdrive->backup()
#2 {main}
  thrown in /usr/local/opnsense/mvc/app/library/Google/API/Drive.php on line 67
[24-Jun-2024 01:34:33 Europe/London] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Exception: Invalid P12 key, openssl_pkcs12_read() failed in /usr/local/opnsense/mvc/app/library/Google/API/Drive.php:67
Stack trace:
#0 /usr/local/opnsense/mvc/app/library/OPNsense/Backup/GDrive.php(194): Google\API\Drive->login('txxxxxxxxxx@gm...', '')
#1 /usr/local/opnsense/scripts/system/remote_backup.php(17): OPNsense\Backup\Gdrive->backup()
#2 {main}
  thrown in /usr/local/opnsense/mvc/app/library/Google/API/Drive.php on line 67

dmesg.boot:

Copyright (c) 1992-2021 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE-p11 stable/24.1-n255023-99a14409566 SMP amd64
FreeBSD clang version 14.0.5 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git llvmorg-14.0.5-0-gc12386ae247c)
VT(vga): resolution 640x480
CPU: Intel(R) N100 (806.40-MHz K8-class CPU)
  Origin="GenuineIntel"  Id=0xb06e0  Family=0x6  Model=0xbe  Stepping=0
  Features=0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,PBE>
  Features2=0x7ffafbbf<SSE3,PCLMULQDQ,DTES64,MON,DS_CPL,VMX,EST,TM2,SSSE3,SDBG,FMA,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,PCID,SSE4.1,SSE4.2,x2APIC,MOVBE,POPCNT,TSCDLT,AESNI,XSAVE,OSXSAVE,AVX,F16C,RDRAND>
  AMD Features=0x2c100800<SYSCALL,NX,Page1GB,RDTSCP,LM>
  AMD Features2=0x121<LAHF,ABM,Prefetch>
  Structured Extended Features=0x239ca7eb<FSGSBASE,TSCADJ,BMI1,AVX2,FDPEXC,SMEP,BMI2,ERMS,INVPCID,NFPUSG,PQE,RDSEED,ADX,SMAP,CLFLUSHOPT,CLWB,PROCTRACE,SHA>
  Structured Extended Features2=0x98c007bc<UMIP,PKU,OSPKE,WAITPKG,GFNI,VAES,VPCLMULQDQ,RDPID,MOVDIRI,MOVDIR64B>
  Structured Extended Features3=0xfc184410<FSRM,MD_CLEAR,IBT,IBPB,STIBP,L1DFL,ARCH_CAP,CORE_CAP,SSBD>
  XSAVE Features=0xf<XSAVEOPT,XSAVEC,XINUSE,XSAVES>
  IA32_ARCH_CAPS=0x180fd6b<RDCL_NO,IBRS_ALL,SKIP_L1DFL_VME,MDS_NO,TAA_NO>
  VT-x: PAT,HLT,MTF,PAUSE,EPT,UG,VPID,VID,PostIntr
  TSC: P-state invariant, performance statistics
real memory  = 17179869184 (16384 MB)
avail memory = 16355389440 (15597 MB)
Event timer "LAPIC" quality 600
ACPI APIC Table: <ALASKA A M I >
WARNING: L3 data cache covers more APIC IDs than a package (7 > 3)
FreeBSD/SMP: Multiprocessor System Detected: 4 CPUs
FreeBSD/SMP: 1 package(s) x 4 core(s)
random: registering fast source Intel Secure Key RNG
random: fast provider: "Intel Secure Key RNG"
random: unblocking device.
ioapic0 <Version 2.0> irqs 0-119
Launching APs: 1 3 2
wlan: mac acl policy registered
random: entropy device external interface
kbd0 at kbdmux0
WARNING: Device "spkr" is Giant locked and may be deleted before FreeBSD 14.0.
efirtc0: <EFI Realtime Clock>
efirtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
smbios0: <System Management BIOS> at iomem 0x75cc5000-0x75cc501e
smbios0: Version: 3.5, BCD Revision: 3.5
aesni0: <AES-CBC,AES-CCM,AES-GCM,AES-ICM,AES-XTS,SHA1,SHA256>
acpi0: <ALASKA A M I >
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
hpet0: <High Precision Event Timer> iomem 0xfed00000-0xfed003ff on acpi0
Timecounter "HPET" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 950
Event timer "HPET" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 550
Event timer "HPET1" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET2" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET3" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET4" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
attimer0: <AT timer> port 0x40-0x43,0x50-0x53 irq 0 on acpi0
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Event timer "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 900
acpi_timer0: <24-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x1808-0x180b on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> port 0x3000-0x303f mem 0x6000000000-0x6000ffffff,0x4000000000-0x400fffffff at device 2.0 on pci0
vgapci0: Boot video device
xhci0: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0x6001110000-0x600111ffff at device 13.0 on pci0
xhci0: 32 bytes context size, 64-bit DMA
usbus0 on xhci0
usbus0: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
xhci1: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0x6001100000-0x600110ffff at device 20.0 on pci0
xhci1: 32 bytes context size, 64-bit DMA
usbus1 on xhci1
usbus1: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
pci0: <memory, RAM> at device 20.2 (no driver attached)
pci0: <simple comms> at device 22.0 (no driver attached)
ahci0: <AHCI SATA controller> port 0x3090-0x3097,0x3080-0x3083,0x3060-0x307f mem 0x81100000-0x81101fff,0x81103000-0x811030ff,0x81102000-0x811027ff at device 23.0 on pci0
ahci0: AHCI v1.31 with 1 6Gbps ports, Port Multiplier not supported
ahcich1: <AHCI channel> at channel 1 on ahci0
pcib1: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.0 on pci0
pci1: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib1
igc0: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80e00000-0x80efffff,0x80f00000-0x80f03fff at device 0.0 on pci1
igc0: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc0: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc0: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc0: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a6
igc0: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.1 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
igc1: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80b00000-0x80bfffff,0x80c00000-0x80c03fff at device 0.0 on pci2
igc1: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc1: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc1: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc1: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a7
igc1: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib3: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.2 on pci0
pci3: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib3
igc2: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80800000-0x808fffff,0x80900000-0x80903fff at device 0.0 on pci3
igc2: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc2: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc2: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc2: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a8
igc2: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib4: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.6 on pci0
pci4: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib4
igc3: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80500000-0x805fffff,0x80600000-0x80603fff at device 0.0 on pci4
igc3: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc3: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc3: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc3: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a9
igc3: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib5: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 29.0 on pci0
pci5: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib5
nvme0: <Generic NVMe Device> mem 0x81000000-0x81003fff at device 0.0 on pci5
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 31.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
hdac0: <Intel Alder Lake-N HDA Controller> mem 0x6001120000-0x6001123fff,0x6001000000-0x60010fffff at device 31.3 on pci0
pci0: <serial bus> at device 31.5 (no driver attached)
acpi_button0: <Sleep Button> on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
acpi_button1: <Power Button> on acpi0
acpi_tz0: <Thermal Zone> on acpi0
uart0: <16550 or compatible> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
uart0: console (115200,n,8,1)
uart1: <16550 or compatible> port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0
acpi_syscontainer0: <System Container> on acpi0
acpi_syscontainer1: <System Container> on acpi0
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> at port 0x70 irq 8 on isa0
atrtc0: Warning: Couldn't map I/O.
atrtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
Event timer "RTC" frequency 32768 Hz quality 0
hwpstate_intel0: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu0
hwpstate_intel1: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu1
hwpstate_intel2: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu2
hwpstate_intel3: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu3
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 806401206 Hz quality 1000
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
nvme0: Allocated 8MB host memory buffer
ugen1.1: <Intel XHCI root HUB> at usbus1
ugen0.1: <Intel XHCI root HUB> at usbus0
nvd0: <Patriot M.2 P300 128GB> NVMe namespace
nvd0: 122104MB (250069680 512 byte sectors)
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/gpt/rootfs [rw]...
uhub0 on usbus0
WARNING: / was not properly dismounted
uhub0: <Intel XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
WARNING: /: mount pending error: blocks 272 files 6
uhub1 on usbus1
uhub1: <Intel XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus1
uhub0: 3 ports with 3 removable, self powered
uhub1: 16 ports with 16 removable, self powered
igc1: link state changed to UP
igc3: link state changed to UP
ichsmb0: <Intel Alder Lake SMBus controller> port 0xefa0-0xefbf mem 0x6001128000-0x60011280ff at device 31.4 on pci0
smbus0: <System Management Bus> on ichsmb0
acpi_wmi0: <ACPI-WMI mapping> on acpi0
acpi_wmi0: cannot find EC device
acpi_wmi0: Embedded MOF found
ACPI: \134_SB.WFDE.WQCC: 1 arguments were passed to a non-method ACPI object (Buffer) (20201113/nsarguments-361)
acpi_wmi1: <ACPI-WMI mapping> on acpi0
acpi_wmi1: cannot find EC device
acpi_wmi1: Embedded MOF found
ACPI: \134_SB.WFTE.WQCC: 1 arguments were passed to a non-method ACPI object (Buffer) (20201113/nsarguments-361)
lo0: link state changed to UP
coretemp0: <CPU On-Die Thermal Sensors> on cpu0
pflog0: permanently promiscuous mode enabled
igc1: link state changed to DOWN
vlan0: changing name to 'vlan01'
vlan1: changing name to 'vlan02'
vlan2: changing name to 'vlan03'
igc3: link state changed to DOWN
vlan3: changing name to 'vlan04'
WARNING: attempt to domain_add(netgraph) after domainfinalize()
ng0: changing name to 'pppoe1'
tun1: changing name to 'ovpns1'
igc1: link state changed to UP
vlan01: link state changed to UP
vlan03: link state changed to UP
vlan02: link state changed to UP
igc3: link state changed to UP
vlan04: link state changed to UP
ovpns1: link state changed to UP
igc3: promiscuous mode enabled
ipfw2 (+ipv6) initialized, divert loadable, nat loadable, default to accept, logging disabled
load_dn_sched dn_sched FIFO loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched QFQ loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched RR loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched WF2Q+ loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched PRIO loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched FQ_CODEL loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched FQ_PIE loaded
load_dn_aqm dn_aqm CODEL loaded
load_dn_aqm dn_aqm PIE loaded
pid 53248 (eastpect), jid 0, uid 0: exited on signal 11
igc3: promiscuous mode disabled
arp: 192.168.1.200 moved from b8:27:eb:ec:2e:40 to b8:27:eb:b9:7b:15 on igc1
arp: 192.168.1.200 moved from b8:27:eb:b9:7b:15 to b8:27:eb:ec:2e:40 on igc1
arp: 192.168.1.6 moved from b8:27:eb:b9:7b:15 to b8:27:eb:ec:2e:40 on igc1
pid 25411 (python3.11), jid 0, uid 0: exited on signal 10
ugen1.2: <Riitek Micro Keyboard> at usbus1
ukbd0 on uhub1
ukbd0: <Riitek Micro Keyboard, class 0/0, rev 2.00/2.00, addr 1> on usbus1
kbd1 at ukbd0
ums0 on uhub1
ums0: <Riitek Micro Keyboard, class 0/0, rev 2.00/2.00, addr 1> on usbus1
ums0: 3 buttons and [XYZ] coordinates ID=1
ovpns1: link state changed to DOWN
Waiting (max 60 seconds) for system process `vnlru' to stop... done
Waiting (max 60 seconds) for system process `syncer' to stop...
Syncing disks, vnodes remaining... 0 0 0 done
All buffers synced.
---<<BOOT>>---
Copyright (c) 1992-2021 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE-p11 stable/24.1-n255023-99a14409566 SMP amd64
FreeBSD clang version 14.0.5 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git llvmorg-14.0.5-0-gc12386ae247c)
VT(vga): resolution 640x480
CPU: Intel(R) N100 (806.40-MHz K8-class CPU)
  Origin="GenuineIntel"  Id=0xb06e0  Family=0x6  Model=0xbe  Stepping=0
  Features=0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,PBE>
  Features2=0x7ffafbbf<SSE3,PCLMULQDQ,DTES64,MON,DS_CPL,VMX,EST,TM2,SSSE3,SDBG,FMA,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,PCID,SSE4.1,SSE4.2,x2APIC,MOVBE,POPCNT,TSCDLT,AESNI,XSAVE,OSXSAVE,AVX,F16C,RDRAND>
  AMD Features=0x2c100800<SYSCALL,NX,Page1GB,RDTSCP,LM>
  AMD Features2=0x121<LAHF,ABM,Prefetch>
  Structured Extended Features=0x239ca7eb<FSGSBASE,TSCADJ,BMI1,AVX2,FDPEXC,SMEP,BMI2,ERMS,INVPCID,NFPUSG,PQE,RDSEED,ADX,SMAP,CLFLUSHOPT,CLWB,PROCTRACE,SHA>
  Structured Extended Features2=0x98c007bc<UMIP,PKU,OSPKE,WAITPKG,GFNI,VAES,VPCLMULQDQ,RDPID,MOVDIRI,MOVDIR64B>
  Structured Extended Features3=0xfc184410<FSRM,MD_CLEAR,IBT,IBPB,STIBP,L1DFL,ARCH_CAP,CORE_CAP,SSBD>
  XSAVE Features=0xf<XSAVEOPT,XSAVEC,XINUSE,XSAVES>
  IA32_ARCH_CAPS=0x180fd6b<RDCL_NO,IBRS_ALL,SKIP_L1DFL_VME,MDS_NO,TAA_NO>
  VT-x: PAT,HLT,MTF,PAUSE,EPT,UG,VPID,VID,PostIntr
  TSC: P-state invariant, performance statistics
real memory  = 17179869184 (16384 MB)
avail memory = 16355389440 (15597 MB)
Event timer "LAPIC" quality 600
ACPI APIC Table: <ALASKA A M I >
WARNING: L3 data cache covers more APIC IDs than a package (7 > 3)
FreeBSD/SMP: Multiprocessor System Detected: 4 CPUs
FreeBSD/SMP: 1 package(s) x 4 core(s)
random: registering fast source Intel Secure Key RNG
random: fast provider: "Intel Secure Key RNG"
random: unblocking device.
ioapic0 <Version 2.0> irqs 0-119
Launching APs: 3 2 1
wlan: mac acl policy registered
random: entropy device external interface
kbd0 at kbdmux0
WARNING: Device "spkr" is Giant locked and may be deleted before FreeBSD 14.0.
efirtc0: <EFI Realtime Clock>
efirtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
smbios0: <System Management BIOS> at iomem 0x75cc5000-0x75cc501e
smbios0: Version: 3.5, BCD Revision: 3.5
aesni0: <AES-CBC,AES-CCM,AES-GCM,AES-ICM,AES-XTS,SHA1,SHA256>
acpi0: <ALASKA A M I >
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
hpet0: <High Precision Event Timer> iomem 0xfed00000-0xfed003ff on acpi0
Timecounter "HPET" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 950
Event timer "HPET" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 550
Event timer "HPET1" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET2" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET3" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET4" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
attimer0: <AT timer> port 0x40-0x43,0x50-0x53 irq 0 on acpi0
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Event timer "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 900
acpi_timer0: <24-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x1808-0x180b on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> port 0x3000-0x303f mem 0x6000000000-0x6000ffffff,0x4000000000-0x400fffffff at device 2.0 on pci0
vgapci0: Boot video device
xhci0: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0x6001110000-0x600111ffff at device 13.0 on pci0
xhci0: 32 bytes context size, 64-bit DMA
usbus0 on xhci0
usbus0: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
xhci1: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0x6001100000-0x600110ffff at device 20.0 on pci0
xhci1: 32 bytes context size, 64-bit DMA
usbus1 on xhci1
usbus1: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
pci0: <memory, RAM> at device 20.2 (no driver attached)
pci0: <simple comms> at device 22.0 (no driver attached)
ahci0: <AHCI SATA controller> port 0x3090-0x3097,0x3080-0x3083,0x3060-0x307f mem 0x81100000-0x81101fff,0x81103000-0x811030ff,0x81102000-0x811027ff at device 23.0 on pci0
ahci0: AHCI v1.31 with 1 6Gbps ports, Port Multiplier not supported
ahcich1: <AHCI channel> at channel 1 on ahci0
pcib1: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.0 on pci0
pci1: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib1
igc0: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80e00000-0x80efffff,0x80f00000-0x80f03fff at device 0.0 on pci1
igc0: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc0: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc0: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc0: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a6
igc0: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.1 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
igc1: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80b00000-0x80bfffff,0x80c00000-0x80c03fff at device 0.0 on pci2
igc1: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc1: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc1: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc1: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a7
igc1: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib3: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.2 on pci0
pci3: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib3
igc2: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80800000-0x808fffff,0x80900000-0x80903fff at device 0.0 on pci3
igc2: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc2: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc2: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc2: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a8
igc2: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib4: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.6 on pci0
pci4: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib4
igc3: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80500000-0x805fffff,0x80600000-0x80603fff at device 0.0 on pci4
igc3: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc3: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc3: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc3: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a9
igc3: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib5: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 29.0 on pci0
pci5: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib5
nvme0: <Generic NVMe Device> mem 0x81000000-0x81003fff at device 0.0 on pci5
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 31.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
hdac0: <Intel Alder Lake-N HDA Controller> mem 0x6001120000-0x6001123fff,0x6001000000-0x60010fffff at device 31.3 on pci0
pci0: <serial bus> at device 31.5 (no driver attached)
acpi_button0: <Sleep Button> on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
acpi_button1: <Power Button> on acpi0
acpi_tz0: <Thermal Zone> on acpi0
uart0: <16550 or compatible> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
uart0: console (115200,n,8,1)
uart1: <16550 or compatible> port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0
acpi_syscontainer0: <System Container> on acpi0
acpi_syscontainer1: <System Container> on acpi0
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> at port 0x70 irq 8 on isa0
atrtc0: Warning: Couldn't map I/O.
atrtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
Event timer "RTC" frequency 32768 Hz quality 0
hwpstate_intel0: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu0
hwpstate_intel1: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu1
hwpstate_intel2: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu2
hwpstate_intel3: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu3
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 806401311 Hz quality 1000
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
nvme0: Allocated 8MB host memory buffer
ugen1.1: <Intel XHCI root HUB> at usbus1
ugen0.1: <Intel XHCI root HUB> at usbus0
nvd0: <Patriot M.2 P300 128GB> NVMe namespace
nvd0: 122104MB (250069680 512 byte sectors)
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/gpt/rootfs [rw]...
uhub0 on usbus0
uhub0: <Intel XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
uhub1 on usbus1
uhub1: <Intel XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus1
uhub0: 3 ports with 3 removable, self powered
uhub1: 16 ports with 16 removable, self powered
ugen1.2: <Riitek Micro Keyboard> at usbus1
ukbd0 on uhub1
ukbd0: <Riitek Micro Keyboard, class 0/0, rev 2.00/2.00, addr 1> on usbus1
kbd1 at ukbd0
igc1: link state changed to UP
igc3: link state changed to UP
ichsmb0: <Intel Alder Lake SMBus controller> port 0xefa0-0xefbf mem 0x6001128000-0x60011280ff at device 31.4 on pci0
smbus0: <System Management Bus> on ichsmb0
acpi_wmi0: <ACPI-WMI mapping> on acpi0
acpi_wmi0: cannot find EC device
acpi_wmi0: Embedded MOF found
ACPI: \134_SB.WFDE.WQCC: 1 arguments were passed to a non-method ACPI object (Buffer) (20201113/nsarguments-361)
acpi_wmi1: <ACPI-WMI mapping> on acpi0
acpi_wmi1: cannot find EC device
acpi_wmi1: Embedded MOF found
ACPI: \134_SB.WFTE.WQCC: 1 arguments were passed to a non-method ACPI object (Buffer) (20201113/nsarguments-361)
ums0 on uhub1
ums0: <Riitek Micro Keyboard, class 0/0, rev 2.00/2.00, addr 1> on usbus1
ums0: 3 buttons and [XYZ] coordinates ID=1
lo0: link state changed to UP
coretemp0: <CPU On-Die Thermal Sensors> on cpu0
pflog0: permanently promiscuous mode enabled
igc1: link state changed to DOWN
vlan0: changing name to 'vlan01'
vlan1: changing name to 'vlan02'
vlan2: changing name to 'vlan03'
igc3: link state changed to DOWN
vlan3: changing name to 'vlan04'
WARNING: attempt to domain_add(netgraph) after domainfinalize()
ng0: changing name to 'pppoe1'
tun1: changing name to 'ovpns1'
igc1: link state changed to UP
vlan01: link state changed to UP
vlan03: link state changed to UP
vlan02: link state changed to UP
igc3: link state changed to UP
vlan04: link state changed to UP
ovpns1: link state changed to UP
ipfw2 (+ipv6) initialized, divert loadable, nat loadable, default to accept, logging disabled
load_dn_sched dn_sched FIFO loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched QFQ loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched RR loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched WF2Q+ loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched PRIO loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched FQ_CODEL loaded
load_dn_sched dn_sched FQ_PIE loaded
load_dn_aqm dn_aqm CODEL loaded
load_dn_aqm dn_aqm PIE loaded
ovpns1: link state changed to DOWN
Waiting (max 60 seconds) for system process `vnlru' to stop... done
Waiting (max 60 seconds) for system process `syncer' to stop...
Syncing disks, vnodes remaining... 5 1 0 0 0 done
All buffers synced.
---<<BOOT>>---
Copyright (c) 1992-2021 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 13.2-RELEASE-p11 stable/24.1-n255023-99a14409566 SMP amd64
FreeBSD clang version 14.0.5 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git llvmorg-14.0.5-0-gc12386ae247c)
VT(vga): resolution 640x480
CPU: Intel(R) N100 (806.40-MHz K8-class CPU)
  Origin="GenuineIntel"  Id=0xb06e0  Family=0x6  Model=0xbe  Stepping=0
  Features=0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,PBE>
  Features2=0x7ffafbbf<SSE3,PCLMULQDQ,DTES64,MON,DS_CPL,VMX,EST,TM2,SSSE3,SDBG,FMA,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,PCID,SSE4.1,SSE4.2,x2APIC,MOVBE,POPCNT,TSCDLT,AESNI,XSAVE,OSXSAVE,AVX,F16C,RDRAND>
  AMD Features=0x2c100800<SYSCALL,NX,Page1GB,RDTSCP,LM>
  AMD Features2=0x121<LAHF,ABM,Prefetch>
  Structured Extended Features=0x239ca7eb<FSGSBASE,TSCADJ,BMI1,AVX2,FDPEXC,SMEP,BMI2,ERMS,INVPCID,NFPUSG,PQE,RDSEED,ADX,SMAP,CLFLUSHOPT,CLWB,PROCTRACE,SHA>
  Structured Extended Features2=0x98c007bc<UMIP,PKU,OSPKE,WAITPKG,GFNI,VAES,VPCLMULQDQ,RDPID,MOVDIRI,MOVDIR64B>
  Structured Extended Features3=0xfc184410<FSRM,MD_CLEAR,IBT,IBPB,STIBP,L1DFL,ARCH_CAP,CORE_CAP,SSBD>
  XSAVE Features=0xf<XSAVEOPT,XSAVEC,XINUSE,XSAVES>
  IA32_ARCH_CAPS=0x180fd6b<RDCL_NO,IBRS_ALL,SKIP_L1DFL_VME,MDS_NO,TAA_NO>
  VT-x: PAT,HLT,MTF,PAUSE,EPT,UG,VPID,VID,PostIntr
  TSC: P-state invariant, performance statistics
real memory  = 17179869184 (16384 MB)
avail memory = 16355389440 (15597 MB)
Event timer "LAPIC" quality 600
ACPI APIC Table: <ALASKA A M I >
WARNING: L3 data cache covers more APIC IDs than a package (7 > 3)
FreeBSD/SMP: Multiprocessor System Detected: 4 CPUs
FreeBSD/SMP: 1 package(s) x 4 core(s)
random: registering fast source Intel Secure Key RNG
random: fast provider: "Intel Secure Key RNG"
random: unblocking device.
ioapic0 <Version 2.0> irqs 0-119
Launching APs: 2 1 3
wlan: mac acl policy registered
random: entropy device external interface
kbd0 at kbdmux0
WARNING: Device "spkr" is Giant locked and may be deleted before FreeBSD 14.0.
efirtc0: <EFI Realtime Clock>
efirtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
smbios0: <System Management BIOS> at iomem 0x75cc5000-0x75cc501e
smbios0: Version: 3.5, BCD Revision: 3.5
aesni0: <AES-CBC,AES-CCM,AES-GCM,AES-ICM,AES-XTS,SHA1,SHA256>
acpi0: <ALASKA A M I >
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
hpet0: <High Precision Event Timer> iomem 0xfed00000-0xfed003ff on acpi0
Timecounter "HPET" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 950
Event timer "HPET" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 550
Event timer "HPET1" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET2" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET3" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
Event timer "HPET4" frequency 19200000 Hz quality 440
attimer0: <AT timer> port 0x40-0x43,0x50-0x53 irq 0 on acpi0
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Event timer "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 900
acpi_timer0: <24-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x1808-0x180b on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
vgapci0: <VGA-compatible display> port 0x3000-0x303f mem 0x6000000000-0x6000ffffff,0x4000000000-0x400fffffff at device 2.0 on pci0
vgapci0: Boot video device
xhci0: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0x6001110000-0x600111ffff at device 13.0 on pci0
xhci0: 32 bytes context size, 64-bit DMA
usbus0 on xhci0
usbus0: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
xhci1: <XHCI (generic) USB 3.0 controller> mem 0x6001100000-0x600110ffff at device 20.0 on pci0
xhci1: 32 bytes context size, 64-bit DMA
usbus1 on xhci1
usbus1: 5.0Gbps Super Speed USB v3.0
pci0: <memory, RAM> at device 20.2 (no driver attached)
pci0: <simple comms> at device 22.0 (no driver attached)
ahci0: <AHCI SATA controller> port 0x3090-0x3097,0x3080-0x3083,0x3060-0x307f mem 0x81100000-0x81101fff,0x81103000-0x811030ff,0x81102000-0x811027ff at device 23.0 on pci0
ahci0: AHCI v1.31 with 1 6Gbps ports, Port Multiplier not supported
ahcich1: <AHCI channel> at channel 1 on ahci0
pcib1: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.0 on pci0
pci1: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib1
igc0: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80e00000-0x80efffff,0x80f00000-0x80f03fff at device 0.0 on pci1
igc0: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc0: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc0: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc0: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a6
igc0: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.1 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
igc1: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80b00000-0x80bfffff,0x80c00000-0x80c03fff at device 0.0 on pci2
igc1: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc1: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc1: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc1: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a7
igc1: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib3: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.2 on pci0
pci3: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib3
igc2: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80800000-0x808fffff,0x80900000-0x80903fff at device 0.0 on pci3
igc2: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc2: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc2: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc2: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a8
igc2: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib4: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 28.6 on pci0
pci4: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib4
igc3: <Intel(R) Ethernet Controller I226-V> mem 0x80500000-0x805fffff,0x80600000-0x80603fff at device 0.0 on pci4
igc3: Using 1024 TX descriptors and 1024 RX descriptors
igc3: Using 4 RX queues 4 TX queues
igc3: Using MSI-X interrupts with 5 vectors
igc3: Ethernet address: 00:d0:b4:02:1c:a9
igc3: netmap queues/slots: TX 4/1024, RX 4/1024
pcib5: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 29.0 on pci0
pci5: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib5
nvme0: <Generic NVMe Device> mem 0x81000000-0x81003fff at device 0.0 on pci5
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 31.0 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
hdac0: <Intel Alder Lake-N HDA Controller> mem 0x6001120000-0x6001123fff,0x6001000000-0x60010fffff at device 31.3 on pci0
pci0: <serial bus> at device 31.5 (no driver attached)
acpi_button0: <Sleep Button> on acpi0
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
acpi_button1: <Power Button> on acpi0
acpi_tz0: <Thermal Zone> on acpi0
uart0: <16550 or compatible> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
uart0: console (115200,n,8,1)
uart1: <16550 or compatible> port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0
acpi_syscontainer0: <System Container> on acpi0
acpi_syscontainer1: <System Container> on acpi0
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> at port 0x70 irq 8 on isa0
atrtc0: Warning: Couldn't map I/O.
atrtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
Event timer "RTC" frequency 32768 Hz quality 0
hwpstate_intel0: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu0
hwpstate_intel1: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu1
hwpstate_intel2: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu2
hwpstate_intel3: <Intel Speed Shift> on cpu3
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 806401336 Hz quality 1000
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
nvme0: Allocated 8MB host memory buffer
ugen0.1: <Intel XHCI root HUB> at usbus0
ugen1.1: <Intel XHCI root HUB> at usbus1
nvd0: <Patriot M.2 P300 128GB> NVMe namespace
nvd0: 122104MB (250069680 512 byte sectors)
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/gpt/rootfs [rw]...
uhub0 on usbus0
uhub0: <Intel XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
uhub1 on usbus1
uhub1: <Intel XHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 3.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus1
uhub0: 3 ports with 3 removable, self powered


[Seimus]

By crashes,

you mean your system restarts itself or needs a restart? Or by crashes you mean you get notifications that some process crashed but the system runs ok?

Regards,
S.

[tdeg20]

Thanks for replying. It gives an error in the webgui crash reporter, and I've noted the odd random restart (i.e. the system uptime is shorter than expected), but no specific symptoms other than that.

I think I'm possibly second guessing myself given the issues I've had with the hardware, I've run an old HP desktop with a multiport NICE for years without any issues so perhaps just being a bit twitchy with this one!

[Seattle2k]

If it's restarting unexpectedly, I don't understand how that would be you second-guessing yourself.
What errors do you find in the logs, just prior to the system restarting itself? (look back through the system log)

[opnfwb]

Please have a look here: https://forum.opnsense.org/index.php?topic=36139.0

There's a microcode update needed for the N100 CPUs running FreeBSD.

[tdeg20]

Ah, brilliant - thank you for flagging that  :)

[opnfwb]

No problem. :) That seems to be the vast majority of why these Chinesium N100 devices are unstable.

Please report back after a while and let us know how it turns out. I've also been interested in an N100 based device but between the microcode and the generic Chinese devices being a train wreck on their firmware I've stayed away from them.

[ProximusAl]

I've being running a fan less CWWK N5105 (Bought from Ali) for 2 years now, and the thing has been rock solid.

I do have the microcode updates going on.

I've been off work with COVID for the last few days which means through boredom, I've just ordered the N100 I-226V version as a nice little upgrade. Ordered barebones, as I don't trust the supplied RAM or NVMe.

The N5105 is perfectly running my 1000/100 WAN with 5G failover, so I have no need for the upgrade...at all....but what it does allow me to do is bench test it for a good few weeks to determine stability. Expecting it mid July, as shipping isn't great.

I understand where you are coming from with the whole Chinesium thing especially with regards to BIOS updates, but with this N100, I've already ordered heat sink paste (To redo the awful job from factory), and shims just in case.  Quality RAM and NVMe, and a whole new PSU too of reputable brand.

The way I figure it is this thing is going to run 24x7x365 in all different temperatures, so it needs to be stable.

The whole reason for my post....is to remind me to come back here and post my results 😀

[opnfwb]

Thanks, that's good feedback. I do see the CWWK units being considered slightly less "janky" than some of the other clones.

Still, after I buy my own RAM, SSD, and 12v external power supply the value of these units gets lower.

My 2c right now is I'd rather still build my own and get solid firmware updates that are more trustworthy. I realize this won't work for everyone but for me space isn't an issue so re-using an old mATX or ATX case and having an N100 board isn't a big deal. I already have a PicoPSU that I used for my first low power router build some years back, so I could just re-use that for the N100 machine.

My current system is an Asrock J3455M. I can trust the bios updates available on Asrock's website. And the CPU never goes above 40c with the stock heatsink (the case is fanless).

The only downsize to my approach is that a dual port or quad port 2.5G NIC isn't readily available. If 2.5G WAN speeds are a requirement, using these Chinese devices may be the best option with their multiple integrated i226 ports. However, even those NICs seem quite flaky and there's many reports of the NICs randomly failing or interfaces being randomly re-assigned if a NIC goes bad (igb2 becomes igb1, etc. etc.).

[Seimus]

Thanks for replying. It gives an error in the webgui crash reporter, and I've noted the odd random restart (i.e. the system uptime is shorter than expected), but no specific symptoms other than that.

I think I'm possibly second guessing myself given the issues I've had with the hardware, I've run an old HP desktop with a multiport NICE for years without any issues so perhaps just being a bit twitchy with this one!

If you don't see any logs explaining what happened, there are 2 possibilities why you get those unexpected reboots:

1. Microcode, as explained in the post shared by @opnfwb. This could be just the classic stability problem, Microcode updates can improve this.

2. Failing PSU, believe it or not if you get a reboot it could just due to the simple fact that the device lost power. If you didn't had a power cut at your home this could be due to PSU slowly die on you.

Try the Microcode 1st, if it still happens try a better PSU. In any case let us known if your issues were resolved.

Regards,
S.

[therobin]

I want to add I been running a N100 CWWK with opnsense baremetal for over a year now without stability issues. I did NOT have any microcode updates installed during that time.

However, before deploying as a firewall, I did stability testing for the CPU. I maxed the PL1/2 settings to allow maximum power draw a then allowed stress-ng to run on all cores for some time.

There is a lot of talk about the varying quality of PSUs on these units. My PSU does not appear to have any issues supplying enough power to the system. It maybe worth installing stress-ng and run an all core test to see if it causes the system to reboot. It is a fast way to determine if you are having stability issues due to the PSU limitations. Just keep in mind, you might want to increase the PL1/2 to 20000 in the bios to allow constant max stress on the PSU while doing this test.

It may also good idea to retest once a year or so to ensure the PSU is still performing well.

[Seimus]

Yea the major problem with the china knockoffs is the chassis build quality and BIOS and somewhat questionable PSUs. It really varies depending of the "seller".

If you go for a china knockoff go for CWWK, they at least tent do to proper BIOS upgrades.

@therobin
May I know what  values you are using for PL1/PL2? I mean for normal day to day usage?

Regards,
S.

[tdeg20]

Thanks all for the input. I have implemented the microcode tweak as suggested but fingers crossed so far not a hint of an issue with 12+ days uptime.

The idea of replacing the paste is a good one, it does run hot but well within spec of the N100 processor so I haven't been too concerned so far! That might be this weekend's job...

I may also investigate BIOS updates but I'm very much in the "ain't broke don't fix it" camp at the moment. It's happily managing 900/900 PPPOE fibre (UK Cityfibre) at the moment at full speed

[Seimus]

The microcode does wonders for the N100 devices.

In regards of BIOS upgrade this may be a bit tricky if its from China depending on the manufacturer. If your device is made by CWWK you may have a change for a BIOs upgrade. If its from TopTon forget it, two weeks ago I asked them they do not have a newer BIOS version.

The other way how to upgrade or at least UNLOCK BIOS functions is to scope servethehome forums. People there did dump a BIOS for N100 that unlocks all features such as PL1/2 states. But you need to know what MOBO you exactly have otherwise you may brick it.

So the mindset "ain't broke don't fix it" is here at place.

Glad to see you run stable now.

Regards,
S.

[ProximusAl]

Just reporting back on my N100 from TopTon.

As suspected, paste was awful..with a gap, so repasted it all with Kryonaut and a copper shim.

Temperature low 40C.....pegging the CPU got it to 49C. Impressive.

Running OPN stably (sp?) now for a week. Really happy. As I mentioned before though:
Get your own RAM (I used 16Gb Kingston Fury DDR5)
Get your own NVMe (I used Crucial P3 500G)
Get your own PSU (I used a DTEK 60W from Amazon)

I also know the BIOS is at the latest version using a combination of ChatGPT-4 translating the BIOS website.

Overall, I'm really happy with it.

I think the message is....you get what you pay for....but with a little TLC when you get it, brilliant little machine.

Oh and as always....dont forget the microcode updates 😀