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Sounds good! I did some more exploring and determined that the way you can set those tunables at boot is by interrupting the boot sequence by pressing "space" when prompted, then pressing escape to get to the menu. From there the "show" command can be used to list tunables and the "set" command can be used to update them, in case anybody else was struggling with this. With these steps I am able to boot from the live USB and have serial console support.

Setting those tunables fixed the issue for me, and I was able to upgrade from the console. However the live CD installer still does not work for me because of this issue. I've seen it mentioned that this is because BSD 14.2 assumes ACPI COM ports by default instead of ISA COM ports, and potentially doesn't properly detect which ones are in use. Is this considered a bug in BSD, and is there a way to make the live installer work for hardware that is affected by this?

I've had similar issues on a Protectli FW6Br2. I tried updating from the console and after the update never received a login prompt. After that I tried to run opnsense off of a live USB, and had the same issue there as well. At this point is seems like the serial version of opnsense is broken.